Great notion beer company9/11/2023 ![]() ![]() The Ancient Greek term κυβερνητικης (kubernētikēs, '(good at) steering') appears in Plato's Republic and Alcibiades, where the metaphor of a steersman is used to signify the governance of people. ![]() Other definitions include: "the art of governing or the science of government" ( André-Marie Ampère) "the art of steersmanship" ( Ross Ashby) "the study of systems of any nature which are capable of receiving, storing, and processing information so as to use it for control" ( Andrey Kolmogorov) "a branch of mathematics dealing with problems of control, recursiveness, and information, focuses on forms and the patterns that connect" ( Gregory Bateson) "the art of securing efficient operation" ( Louis Couffignal) "the art of effective organization." ( Stafford Beer) "the science or the art of manipulating defensible metaphors showing how they may be constructed and what can be inferred as a result of their existence" ( Gordon Pask) "the art of creating equilibrium in a world of constraints and possibilities" ( Ernst von Glasersfeld) "the science and art of understanding" ( Humberto Maturana) "the ability to cure all temporary truth of eternal triteness" ( Herbert Brun) "a way of thinking about ways of thinking (of which it is one)" ( Larry Richards) Etymology Cybernetics has been defined in a variety of ways, reflecting "the richness of its conceptual base." One of the most well known definitions is that of Wiener who characterised cybernetics as concerned with "control and communication in the animal and the machine." Another early definition is that of the Macy cybernetics conferences, where cybernetics was understood as the study of "circular causal and feedback mechanisms in biological and social systems." Margaret Mead emphasised the role of cybernetics as "a form of cross-disciplinary thought which made it possible for members of many disciplines to communicate with each other easily in a language which all could understand."
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